Media Images And Self Concepts - 1259 Words

In my article about media images and self-concepts, they start off by talking about how different research method have created different assumptions about how media affects us. The article states that quantitative methods (number based data) suggest that people are influenced through media. This differs from interpretive work which show that individuals have the power to resist the ideas media is giving to you and be critical about it. Interpretive approaches focus on the symbolic interactionist perspective which states that nothing has inherent meaning and meaning is created by humans interacting with one another. Human give meaning to situations because they adapt to the environment they are in because according to symbolic interactionists individuals can control their environment. As a society we cannot be separated from each other. The article states that the meaning you get from a specific media source is not directly there and how we interpret the messages creates that specific meaning. The meaning derived from interaction with one another guides how society behaves. The actions that people engage in because of the meaning given to situations makes them interpret the process due to these interactions. Media images may alter ideas of what we considered normal or ideal which can coincide with deviance. If a thought, feeling, or action is out of the social norm it is considered deviant. So media can show deviant actions or non-deviant actions to persuade their audience.Show MoreRelatedMedia Images Influence On Adolescent Girls Self Concept Essay1094 Words   |  5 Pages Melissa Milkie’s article, Media images’ influence on Adolescent Girls’ self-concept, explores forms of media, more specifically magazines directed at teen girls, that effect young girls’ self -concept. Milkie demonstrates how our self-concepts are impacted by what we perceive others think of us and how we use the â€Å"third-person effect† in where we underestimate how much influence the media actually has on ourselves compared to others (54). Some of the major points of the article are the researchRead MoreThe Factors That Shape An Individual s Self Concept Essay1663 Words   |   7 Pageslf-concept refers to the mental image or idea that an individual holds regarding themselves. An individuals’ self-concept continually develops in each of the life stages and is seen to be closely related to the social as well as the emotional development. As such, a person views themselves differently depending on the environment in which they are. Self-concept in an individual takes various steps to being formed. The most important step is the initial one which happens while one is still a childRead MoreInfluence of Media and Culture on Self Image1724 Words   |  7 PagesIs culture today experiencing information overload leading to self confusion? Having access to information twenty-four hours a day does not necessarily have a positive impact on society and self image. Media content despite its public charge does not exactly mirror real self image. Mass communication with television ads and movies offer an unrealistic view of the everyday person in various aspects of life. Media can have a positive or negative influence on culture and the way people view their livesRead MoreFactors That Influence the Development of Individuals Self Concept1687 Words   |  7 Pagesinfluence the development of individuals self concept. I am going to outline how factors can influence the development of individuals self-concept, firstly, I will to define what is self-concept. Self-concept self concept is about the way we view ourselves. There are two sides of our self concept and these include: our self-esteem, which is how we feel about out selves that is the the worth and value that you as a person attribute to yourself, and self-image, which is how we see ourselves forRead MoreThe Self Essay1414 Words   |  6 PagesThe Self Our perception is often skewed by what the media or what others deem as attractive and beautiful. Self-concept affects individuals directly through interpersonal communications and how others perceive several aspects of our behaviour and attitudes. Self-Esteem and Body Image are also common factors which help define who we are, and are significant in today’s society. These three issues today, can have a huge impact on an individual’s development and overall personality. By definition, perceptionRead MoreHow Does Self Discrepancy Of Media Influenced Body Image Affect Adolescents Self Esteem?1235 Words   |  5 PagesSection A: Project Details Title: How does self-discrepancy of media-influenced body image affect adolescents’ self-esteem? Abstract: Research has shown that exposure to thin-ideal media is related to body dissatisfaction. Consequently, the accumulated dissatisfying emotions regarding one’s body can evolve into distorted body perception. Such disturbed body image has been evident as associated with low self-esteem. Nonetheless, little research has sought to elucidate the rationales for these perplexedRead MoreMedias Influence on Body Image Essay example1550 Words   |  7 Pages1.0 Introduction The media have been criticized for portraying the thin women as â€Å"ideal† .This research plans to look at the effects of media on the body image of women. This cumulates the findings of empirical studies that observe the effects of media on body image. This study will also look at the different social comparison theories that relate media and body image. It will also investigate the different sources of media that have an impact on the body image of women. It also scopes to findRead MoreMedia s Influence On Body Image942 Words   |  4 PagesA body image is a subjective combination of all the thoughts, emotions, and judgments that an individual may perceive about his or her own body. Each individual has a unique perception of his or her own body. This image is strongly influenced and often times skewed due to the increasing pressure created from outside, societal factors. With a world that is continuously creating new forms of social media and entertainment, individuals ar e constantly exposed to images that supposedly define bodily perfectionRead MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Young Girls And Women Alike1474 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media plays an immense role in the way that stereotypes about attractiveness is conveyed in regards to body image. As Gerbner and Gross wrote in 1976, the cultivation theory states that high frequency viewers of television are more susceptible to media messages and the belief that they are real and valid. The subjection to social media can cause an idealistic view amongst young girls and women alike. Among the mechanisms of human agency none is more central or pervasive than beliefs of personalRead MorePuriteen Case1419 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess of such products depended upon an appealing image for the brand and only if consumers’ ideal self image is effectively mapped with the brand perception. PURPOSE OF THE ANALYSIS DONE BY PETE DOZIER Dozier, Vice President of Marketing at Puriteen, applied the Self Theory to develop the marketing plan for Henry’s. The purpose of the Marketing Research carried out by him was to measure the self and ideal self images of the female consumers and the image they held for the three different perfume brands

Sales Procedures and Logistics of Usha Martin - 6187 Words

ON SALES PROCEDURES amp; LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE amp; WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant Manager) (Sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) VIKASH KUMAR DUBEY BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008- 11) DECLARATION CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the work presented in the project entitled â€Å"SALES PROCEDURES AND LOGISTICS OF USHA MARTIN†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦The name was changed to Usha Martin Black Ltd. in 1979 and further changed to Usha Martin Industries Ltd.(UMIL) in 1983. 1962 –the production was started and the turnover that year was 996 MT and Rs.22.34 lakhs respectively. 1965 - UMIL promoted Usha Ismal Ltd. (UIL) in collaboration with CCL Systems Ltd of UK for the manufacture of fittings and accessories, equipment for pre-stressed concrete system, wire ropes and wire ropes splicing equipment at Ranchi. UIL merged with UMIL in 1990 and became a division of the company 1969-promoted Usha Brecko Ltd. To design, construct and erect Arial ropeway. 1971 - UMIL promoted Usha Alloy Steels Limited (UASL) for the manufacture of billets at Jamshedpur. UASL merged with UMIL in 1988. 1975 - UASL acquired an ongoing rolling mill at Agra. 1975 - UMIL set up its Machinery Division at Bangalore for the manufacture of Wire Drawing and allied machines in technical collaboration with Marshall Richards Barcro Limited (MRB) of UK. 1979 - In order to obtain steady supply of wire rods for its wire rope plant, UASL set up a Wire Rod Rolling Mill at Jamshedpur. 1980-Promote Usha Siam steel industry Ltd. in Thailand to manufacturing wire, wire rope , and auto control cables. 1986-Promote Usha Beltrone Ltd. To manufacture Jelly filled. 1987 - UMIL, along with Bihar State Electronics Development Corporation, promoted UshaShow MoreRelatedSales Procedures and Logistics of Usha Martin6181 Words   |  25 Pages ON SALES PROCEDURES amp; LOGISTICS PREPARED FOR AND PRESENTED TO (WIRE amp; WIRE ROPE SPECIALITY DIVISION, RANCHI) UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF Mr. ARUN KUMAR DEY (Assistant Manager) (Sales Co-ordination) SUBMITTED BY NIKHIL KIRAN BBA, BIT MESRA, RANCHI.(2008-11) ANKIT KHANDELWAL BBA, BIT MESRA,

How Can an Individual’s Sense of Identity be Communicated Through Their Choice of Music Free Essays

In today’s society individuality can be expressed in many different ways. The use of physical adornments such as clothes and makeup are the first things that spring to mind when discussing ways and methods of identification. However, with the mass media having such a huge influence on the young people of today, it is becoming very easy to determine one’s identity through the music they enjoy listening to. We will write a custom essay sample on How Can an Individual’s Sense of Identity be Communicated Through Their Choice of Music? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay seeks to determine how an individual identity can be clearly communicated through choices of music. To a certain extent, music has had an interesting effect on the way individuals express their sense of identity. The 1960’s Mods and Rockers are a good example of this. Two different types of people existing in the same society, who were easily distinguished to the type of clothing they wore and their social activities- it could be argued that this has certain relevance to tastes in music. The Mods were, of course, happy to settle for the newly released music of the time. Whereas the Rockers weren’t satisfied with the new renditions and so preferred to stick with classic rock music. This eventuated in the two groups leading wholly different ways of life, and the appearances and attitudes of both groups became a likeness of the particular ‘identities’ which are recognizable in society today. Today, there is a greater variety of music available to the mass public, and this has inevitably resulted in many different identities being formed. The 1980’s trance scene along with the new input of R ‘n’ B and Hip Hop (Black rap style music) has influenced a number of new music acts to recreate versions of the biggest hits. This has helped in creating a new identity that many nightclubs cater for. What is known as the ‘Kev’, ‘Townie’ or ‘Shaz’ has been formed! These short names are used to describe people of a certain identity. Usually people of these youth subgroups are fans of hard dance music which they listen to on a regular basis on their personal CD players in public places and are also well known for their up to date flashy mobile phones, sports clothing and tacky jewellery, as well as the occasional baseball cap. There is a rather large congregation of ‘Kevs/Townies’ on Saturday nights when they drive their flashy cars around the town centre. ‘Moshers’, ‘Goths’, ‘Metallers’ or ‘Grungers’ all form another subgroup which relies almost completely on music taste which is quite the opposite to the group discussed in the last paragraph. ‘Grungers’ are people who usually prefer to listen to music such as Nirvana and Red Hot Chili Peppers, and just generally most forms of rock and metal music. Their sense of dress is relatively easy to identify, as a certain identity has been created by the huge mass of youngsters turning to the ‘Grunger’ image in the last few years. The ‘hoodie’ has become a highly symbolic item of clothing, which many of the group members will wear when congregating. This can be teamed with baggy jeans and trousers, multiple piercings, dyed hair, visible tattoos and other common objects such as various bracelets and jewellery, although hardly ever gold or silver. The two groups previously discussed are the two huge societies in which the members’ behaviour is almost completely influenced by popular music. As it is possible to see from the descriptions above, an individuals’ sense of identity can be relatively easy to configure when using popular music as the determining factor. Due to this, increasing amounts of youth subgroups are being formed purely by musical taste. How to cite How Can an Individual’s Sense of Identity be Communicated Through Their Choice of Music?, Papers

Business Strategy Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015

Question: Discuss about the Report for Business Strategy of a Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 ? Answer: Introduction TESCO PLC has been selected for the purpose of answering the tasks given in the assignment. Jack Cohen founded TESCO in the year 1919 from a small market in London. Gradually, the company has grown and at present operates in 12 different countries including Europe, America and Asia. It is in the retail business of selling grocery through its retail chain-stores. At present, it employs more than 530,000 employees and is engaged in providing best possible service to its customers. With the advent of the internet, TESCO has been engaged in offering its products online in an effective manner. Building trust and penetrating the market by rendering proper and effective customer services has been one of the most important goals of the company. With this objective, TESCO has grown by addressing the requirements of its customers. Along with customer satisfaction, TESCO is also engaged in imparting its social responsibilities to the full extent. Teamwork and providing a suitable working enviro nment to its employees has been the base of the company that motivates for better outputs. The company has a code of business conduct that it adheres to while conducting its business activities. 1. The selected organization in the study is Tesco Plc. It is one of the most common and enlisted company in the British Stock exchange. There are different kinds of organizational goals and organizational objectives of different organization. There are different kinds of organizational goals of TESCO. This part of the study will analyze how the organization has developed its goals, missions, visions, and strategy. The ultimate objective of this particular organization is to develop a proper business plans and operation which will result the organization towards the becoming the leading retail store in the entire United Kingdom. Based on the development process of the recent business plans of TESCO, the company wants to develop its business operations in the BRICS nations. The five developing and emerging country in the world are Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. TESCO is a multinational company, which operates its business across the major cities of the globe. There ar e different kinds of mission and vision of this particular organization. The mission and vision of TESO is to organize its business in the emerging and developing nations of the world, which include BRICS nations. The goals and objective of the organization is to develop a proper business plans and strategies, which will ensure towards becoming leading organization in the entire United Kingdom. The other business objectives of this particular organization are to offer all the products and services to all the customers at a reasonable price. The entire retail sector industry falls under the notion of the perfectly competitive market structure (Smith 2012). The features of the perfectly competitive market structure are very much different and unique as compared with other marketing structure. The entry and exit of this particular market structure are free. There are no barriers in the entry and exit of any particular market. The level of competition always remains high in this particular market structure. In order to develop a proper business structure the organization needs to develop a proper investigation procedure, which conclude about all the important factors towards the development process of a proper marketing plans and operations. 2: The second part of the study will conclude the different elements, which are included towards formulating strategic plans of the organizations. Business sustainability is one of the most crucial parts in the overall business operations. There are certain plans and procedures, which are included in the development process of a proper business, plans. Technology is one of the major factors, which are emphasized in the overall decision-making process. The role of technology towards the development process of the organizational activity is very much significant. The entire trend of shopping has been changed entirely with the application of the modern technology (Johnston and Bate 2013). The main goals and objectives of the selected organization are to analyze the entire situation in order to develop a digital marketing plans and operations. The concept of the digital marketing plan will allow the entire customer to apply the notion of the online shopping. The customers will be benefit ed in certain ways. It will allow the customers to save time and money simultaneously. Development of a proper digital marketing plan in the organization will allow the company to be benefited in certain ways. 3. There are two kinds of marketing tool, which this particular organization, TESCO develops in the development process of a proper business plans and operations. The application of Ansoff Matrix and the application of the BCG Matrix are the most common and important marketing tool which the organization needs to develop in the process of the organizational plans and procedure. The applications of the two marketing tools have different of utility. TESCO has used the notion of the Ansoff Matrix in the process of developing proper marketing penetration strategy (Short et al. 2013). There are four important factors, which are highlighted in the development process of this particular marketing tool. Market penetration, product development, market development, and diversification are the four important factors, which needs to be highlighted in the overall process of this particular marketing plans and operations. Existing products and new products are the two important points, which need to be analyzed in a proper manner. BCG Matrix is the other marketing tool, which is highlighted in this part of the study. The application of BCG matrix will allow the organization to emphasize towards the development process of modern and new products. It will allow TESCO to organize a strong and proper business plan in order to develop and market new products in the overall business activities. 4. This part of the assignment will help the readers to conclude about the situation analysis process of the selected organization. The notion of the situation analysis procedure will allow TESCO to conclude about the internal environment analysis as well as the external analysis process. With the help of the SWOT Analysis tool, the organization will be able to determine both internal environment analysis as well as external analysis. The four factors, which are included in this particular marketing, are Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Treats (Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 2016). The first two factors in this particular marketing tool will analyze the internal environment and on the other hand, the remaining two factors are used to determine the external environment analysis. The strength of this particular industry is its brand name. Supply chain management, customer service, research and development, product customization are the important factors which are included in the development process. On the other hand, the weakness of this particular industry is to analyze the market size and growing demand. The entire retail sector industry falls under the notion of the perfectly competitive market structure. It maintains a huge customer base and a huge market structure in order to develop a proper business plans proceedings. It is one of the markets, which is at a growing stage. All the firms maintain a good business plans and operations in the overall market structure. However, there are certain weaknesses, which are highlighted in the study, are analyzed in a proper manner. Knowledge of proper culture is another important point, which needs to organize in a proper manner. The threats, which are highlighted in this particular study, are increase in level of competition, market diversification (Importance of Stakeholder Analysis in Management Plans 2016).5. The section of the study will highlight the importance of the PESTEL Analysis. The application of the PESTEL Analysis includes six different factors in the organization. The six factors are political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal are the important factor which are included in the development process of this particular marketing tool (PESTLE Analysis for Tesco | PESTLE Analysis 2016). The following table illustrates the analysis: Political - Implementation of taxation norms has increased government revenue in the form of VAT - Affect on sales revenue generation - Implementation of tax with respect to obesity Economic - Recovery after the global financial crisis - Increase in GDP - Growth in the supermarket industry - Lack of disposable income results in substitution effect where cheap food products generated revenue for the company Social - Decrease in birth rate increased life expectancy rate and resulted in a shift in the tastes of individuals - Changes in the business environment - Corporate Social Responsibility Technology - Use of online shopping by consumers have increased - Developments in the supply chain management system - Technologies used by its competitors have to be evaluated in order to gain a competitive advantage Environmental - Global warming and its associated effects - Minimizing the use of non-renewable sources of energy - Use of bio- energy Legal - Reforms in the agricultural policy - Reforms in Companies Act - Regulations floated by the Prudential Regulatory Authority (SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis OF Tesco 2015) 6. The impact of stakeholders analysis on business activities is significant. As an organization is an artificial legal person, it has to depend on its stakeholders for undertaking the required business activities. Stakeholders are key to the success of an organization. They play an active role in the entire decision making process of the concern. Some of the major decisions in which stakeholders play an important role are as follows (Tesco plc 2016): Investment decisions Financing decisions Marketing decisions Expansion decisions All the above decisions collectively form the backbone of the business enterprise. Therefore, active participation of the stakeholders in the entire process has become indispensable (Sage 2016). Thus, a proper analysis of the stakeholders is of utmost importance and should be carried on in an effective and efficient manner. 7. TESCO has been actively engaged in expanding its business activities beyond its national borders. Over the years, TESCO has expanded to Europe, Asia, the USA and other southern countries of the globe (Apenko 2014, pp.28-34). In essence, it has become important to address the cultural issues arising out of such expansions. Building trust among these new stakeholders has been one of the priorities of the company along with strengthening of its balance sheet and competitiveness in the UK. Therefore, addressing the issues of the local communities and customers is one of the objectives of the company. In order to address this issue, the company should organize workshops and interaction sessions. Existing and new employees can be trained and informed about the manner in which the company wants to undertake its business activities in a particular company (Strategic Report 2015 2016). 8. Expansion of business has been one of the most important objectives of TESCO. Over the years, the company has resorted to various international market entry strategies and has expanded its business in Europe, the USA, Asia and in many more countries. It has successfully resorted to various inorganic modes of expansion in the form of joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions (Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson 2012). These strategic alliances have expanded the market share and scope of business of TESCO throughout the world and have helped it to become one of the market leaders in retail industry. TESCO gained entry to the United States through its wholly owned subsidiary called the Greenfield Investment (GI). The table below demonstrates the manner in which different strategies have been used by the company to gain entry to markets beyond its national boundaries (Tesco plc 2016). Country Strategy China Joint Venture South Korea Joint Venture Thailand Joint Venture Malaysia Acquisition Japan Acquisition Turkey Acquisition Ireland Acquisition Slovakia Acquisition Hungary Acquisition Poland Acquisition Czech Republic Acquisition USA GI (Wholly Owned Subsidiary) TESCO directed its international market entry strategies in order to become one of the most important retailers of the present industry. Its activities in Europe and Asia have been successful. However, entering the US market was a daunting task for the company, as it had to compete with some of the biggest retailers of the country like Albertsons LLC, Walmart Supercentres, Delhaize Group, etc. The success of the company lies in its diversification capacity and understanding of the local markets, especially markets that are composed of high cultural mix of the targeted customers (Tesco plc 2016). The other important point of these strategies is sustainable growth and success in the long run. The company has successfully used its diversification capabilities in order to formulate strategies that will increase profits and maximize the wealth of its stakeholders in the long run. The inorganic mode of expansion is the best option chosen by the company as it provides a smoother entry to in ternational markets as compared to conventional methods (Hill, Jones and Schilling 2014). Theses business ventures are transparent and less time consuming. Time is the essence of business expansion. It takes a considerable amount of investment and time to set up a new business in a foreign market and it also carries excessive amount of business risk of setting up a new business. On the other hand, inorganic methods provide a company with the opportunity of expending less of valuable resources and cater to expansion with the help of local logistics. Thus, the alternative strategies adopted by the company are appropriate and beneficial (Tesco plc 2016). 1.1: As mentioned above, TESCO has resorted to various inorganic modes of expansion. Among the various strategies availed, joint venture can be said to be one of the best options for a number of reasons as stipulated below (Tesco plc 2016): JVs are a convenient mode of entering into a foreign market Investments are lower than other modes, viz. mergers, de-mergers, acquisitions, etc. Lesser compliance requirements Local support provided by the JV partner Does not require building of a brand name Market penetration becomes easy Development of core competencies by partner firms Responsibilities are divided Collective decision making Better co-ordination that leads to successful marketing activities TESCOs joint venture in Asia has led to a successful expansion of the market share for the company. South Korea is one such country where the company successfully penetrated the market by collaborating with Samsung Corporation (Tesco plc 2016). TESCO acquired the distribution unit of Samsung along with its managerial rights. This gave the company a suitable opportunity to reach extreme corners of the company by utilizing the existing distribution channels. Acquiring managerial rights gave TESCO all the required decision making powers that helped it to achieve its pre-determined objectives. TESCO experienced same amount of success in China. It entered into a joint venture with Ting Hsin International (THI) in 2006 by acquiring 50% of the companys chain-store shares. This provided TESCO with an unimaginable advantage as it got well established chain of store where it could sell its products. This is considered to be one of the revolutions of the retail industry (Tesco plc 2016). Later in 2006 TESCO increased its stake to 90% that gave a boost to its decision making process. This venture proved to be very successful as the chain-store was one of the leaders in the retail industry. It also gave an added advantage to TESCO, as most of its employees were local including the top brass. Therefore, it can be seen that alternative expansion strategies availed by TESCO has proved to be very successful for the company and increased its revenue generation to a great extent along with an expansion of its overall market share in the international retail industry (Tesco plc 2016). 1.2: Implementation of expansion strategies are very crucial and the decision has to be taken by the management with due care. Any loopholes in a strategy may result in a total failure of a business venture along with severe financial losses (Long 2015). Therefore, the personnel delegated this sensitive task must have the following roles and responsibilities: Should possess full knowledge of the objectives to be achieved Should have a proper plan to implement the strategies Should resort to effective communication within and outside the organization by discussing the plan with all the concerned people Shall take feedback from all the concerned departments and personnel Shall segment the entire implementation plan The plan should be implemented in a phased manner so as to evaluate its success or failures Proper training of the required personnel Constant monitoring and performance evaluation Analyzing and addressing risks in implementing expansion strategies Comply with the required and relevant rules and regulations, nationally and internationally Devise a proper internal control and internal check system so that the implementation process progresses in a devised and authentic manner The above are some of the major responsibilities and roles that managers have to play. Other important and additional responsibilities may arise, as cross border business is a mixing of different cultures (Tesco plc 2016). Depending on the evaluations, alterations might have to be carried out according to the requirement of the situation. These activities are of immense importance as the success or failure of the entire operation depends on proper completion of such roles and responsibilities. 1.3: Implementation is the most important part of a business activity as in this stage a paper plan has to be executed in the practical world. Therefore, implementation activities have to be undertaken very carefully and with all precision (Stevens and Dykes 2013). Implementing an expansion strategy has many requirements. These resources have to be procured in such a manner that they prove to be profitable in the long run for the company. Following are the main types of resources that are required to implement a new strategy (Tesco plc 2016): Financial Resources An expansion of business cannot take place without sufficient funds. However, before resorting to accumulating funds, an organization has to identify and evaluate investment opportunities are suitable for the business. Selection of a proper investment opportunity involves scanning of various opportunities and selecting the most suitable one. Then comes the financing part of the business activity. Procurement of funds involves a certain cost (Gohel and Gondalia 2013). The return from deployment of financial resources has to be more from the cost of procuring such funds. Otherwise, the business venture will result in a total failure. Financing decisions includes accumulation of funds from external sources and internal sources such as credit, bank overdrafts, issue of shares and debentures and utilization of retained earnings. Human Resources The next big important resource is human resource. Business requires skilled and unskilled people to carry out the business activities. An organization has to evaluate whether its present human resource strength enough to handle the business expansion or not (Tesco plc 2016). Some existing and experienced employees are deployed in new business areas in order to provide a right direction. On the other hand, local people are recruited as they provide local logistics and information about the new market. Therefore, both existing and new human resources are important to successfully implement an expansion strategy (Tesco plc 2016). Physical Resources Physical resources include setting up of new production facilities at the new place of business. Procurement of raw material and storing them in the local warehouse also are vital physical resources that are required to carry on the business in a successful manner (Tesco plc 2016). 2.1 Setting out targets and implementing formulated strategies are common activities of an organization. These strategies have to be planned and implemented successfully in order to achieve sustainable growth in the long run. Strategies can be long-term, medium-term and short-term (Tesco plc 2016). However, if due care is not taken while implementing these strategies, the whole business venture may fail and lead to severe financial looses for the organization (Mentis 2012). In order to prevent such a catastrophe, organizations adhere to SMART targets in order to successfully implement a strategy. The below table shows the true meaning of SMART targets: S Specific M Measurable A Achievable R Realistic T Time Constrained The following points are to be considered while setting targets while implementing a new strategy: The goals set by an organization have to be specific in order to make them achievable The targets set shall be measurable so that the strategy can be evaluated and re-engineered if required The targets set should be achievable in order for it to be successful The goals shall be practical and realistic so that they can be achieved in a proper manner There should be a time limit to achieve the set targets. This provides effectiveness and overall efficiency to the implementation process Therefore, it can be seen that the above five elements are very important and should be strictly adhered to while implementing a new strategy. This is essential of achieve the overall goal of the entire business project. SMART targets provides a proper structure to the implementation process and helps to achieve the goals in a strategic manner (Tesco plc 2016). References Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 Tesco PLC Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015 Annual Report and Financial Statements 2015. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/files/pdf/reports/ar15/download_annual_report.pdf [Accessed 5 Mar. 2016]. Apenko, S.N., 2014. Leadership of human resources and project teams in the management of strategic changes in the organization.Strategic Management,19(1), pp.28-34. Gohel, H. and Gondalia, V., 2013. Executive Information Advancement of Knowledge Based Decision Support System for Organization of United Kingdom.International journal of advanced and innovative research, pp.41-50. Hill, C., Jones, G. and Schilling, M., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. 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Available at: https://www.essay.uk.com/free-essays/business/tescos.php [Accessed 5 Mar. 2016]. Sage, S. (2016).Strategic Implementation. [online] OnStrategy. Available at: https://onstrategyhq.com/resources/strategic-implementation/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2016]. Short, M., Baker, M., Carter, J., Jones, C. and Jay, S., 2013.Strategic environmental assessment and land use planning: an international evaluation. Routledge. Smith, R.D., 2012.Strategic planning for public relations. Routledge. Stevens, C.E. and Dykes, B.J., 2013. The home country cultural determinants of firms' foreign market entry timing strategies.Long Range Planning,46(4), pp.387-410. Strategic Report 2015. (2016). [online] Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/files/pdf/reports/ar15/download_strategic_report.pdf [Accessed 5 Mar. 2016]. SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis OF Tesco. (2015). [online] UKEssays. 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NAFTA Essays (2472 words) - International Trade,

NAFTA On January 1, 1994, Canada, Mexico and the United States passed the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Promoted to Congress by the Clinton administration, with the assurance that it would give rise to more jobs - exactly how many though, is not precisely known. Yet, according to the Journal of Commerce, the U.S. went from having a $5.5 billion trade surplus with Mexico before NAFTA, to having a massive $16 billion trade deficit today. At the same time, it is estimated that 400,000 Americans have lost manufacturing jobs because of NAFTA within the treaty's first three years, that's about the same number of jobs which have been created in the Mexican maquiladoras. Instead of sharing of the wealth and profit, one might think that there has been a big transfer of wealth from north to south of the border and that Mexican laborers have profited at the expense and torment of their American counterparts. The reality is that working conditions, wage, health and safety standards in Mexico have deteriorated. One American employee for a steering-wheel plan made approximately $10.46 per hour, compared to his Mexican counterpart, who makes about $0.75 per hour. Within the agreement, it stated "...the government of Canada, the government of the United Mexican States and the government of the United States of America resolved to establish a free trade area." In addition, NAFTA also determined to: ? Strengthen the special bonds of friendship and cooperation among the nations; ? Contribute to the harmonious development and expansion of world trade and provide a catalyst to broader international cooperation; ? Create an expanded and secure market for the goods and services produced in their territories; ? Establish clear and mutually beneficial rules governing their trade; ? Create new employment opportunities, improve working conditions and living standards in their respective territories; ? Ensure a predictable commercial framework for business planning and investment. A very important section of NAFTA is the elimination of tariffs, which are charged for imports and exports within the three nations. Along with the eradication of tariffs, the agreement opened up enormous opportunities, creating a $6.3 billion GNP for the three countries. As mentioned in the agreement objective, NAFTA will and should, "create economic opportunities". The three nations, following the agreement, will move more and more into the liberalization of trade, at the expense of American and international workers. Under the agreement, the goods and services must be produced within the NAFTA territory to be considered tariff free. Not all tariffs are going to be eliminated at once, the agreement follows staging categories, which are as follows: Immediate elimination of tariffs on 1/1/94: ? Cattle ? Computers ? Jewelry ? Microwave ovens ? Passenger cars ? Telephones ? Televisions Elimination of tariffs within five years, beginning on 1/1/94: ? Baseball Caps ? Cotton Yarns ? Men's Pajamas ? Table Cloths ? Women's Cotton Dresses Elimination of tariffs within ten years, beginning on 1/1/94: ? Cigarettes ? Cotton ? Footwear ? Glassware ? Luggage ? Rum Elimination of tariffs after fifteen years, beginning on 1/1/94: ? Dry Beans ? Most Fresh Vegetables ? Orange Juice ? Peanuts ? Sugar With this in mind, critics present the problem that Mexican companies may take advantage of tariff free goods, resulting in the switching to low Mexican wages. As a result, United States workers may lose their jobs to Mexican citizens that can be paid less. When President Clinton was one of the Chief Proponents of NAFTA his Council of Economic Advisors brought forward this issue, "...Although wages are lower in Mexico than in the United States, the productivity of Mexican workers is also lower than the U.S. workers. Moreover, companies make plant location decisions based on a variety of factors in addition to wages, including telecommunications and transportation's infrastructure and business services, all of which are more sophisticated in the United States" (Arnold, 296). But the latter has not slowed down American companies from going south of the border for cheaper labor and less demanding working conditions from government agencies. So far, companies like Thompson Consumer Electronics, Jay Garment, Magne Tek, Uniroyal Goodrich and Breed Technologies have moved at least 107 plants in Indiana alone. To attempt mutual acceptance, NAFTA has presented readers with their goods and service overview. The following are short assessments that NAFTA provides: Agriculture: The food everyone eats is very important to every country, thus being our main source of consumption, NAFTA makes it easier for goods to be exported and imported with limited quotas throughout the years of operation. When NAFTA entered into force at least one

Victims of mass hysteria essays

Victims of mass hysteria essays Hysteria is defined as behavior exhibiting overwhelming or unmanageable fear or emotional excess. These feelings shared by the masses causes much chaos and many people to get hurt. Throughout the years, starting in 1692 with the Salem Witch Trials through to the 20th century with the Robert Roberson Case, there have been many instances of this mass hysteria all containing similarities and differences between them. The similarity between all these cases is that no matter where the accusations took place throughout the country, all people persecuted by mass hysteria, were done so because they were different in some way. During the Salem Witch Trails people were persecuted because the other towns people believed they did not follow their god. Between 1942 and 1946 more than 120,000 Japanese natives living in the United States were placed in internment camps because a country they no longer lived in had attacked Pearl Harbor. During the McCarthy Hearings in 1954 people were blamed for not being American enough because they had different beliefs about the society they lived in. In the Robert Roberson Case a pastor and his wife were persecuted because they were accused of sexual abuse without being tried for it. All of these accused people caused change to the normalcy of the general public and because of it they were scrutinized and treated poorly. The victims of mass hysteria all had their reputations completely ruined, and every society they lived in never saw these people as they had before any accusations had ever been made. The differences in the cases are not as broad as the similarities. Although these people were persecuted because they were different they were all persecuted because of different specific reasons. In the Salem Which Trials, twenty villagers were hanged and killed because they would not lie and say they did dealings with the devil. No other group was largely and publicly punished for thei...

MGMT670 week 6 Conference Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

MGMT670 week 6 Conference - Assignment Example If you have yet to generate a company icon online, social media sites are the places to do it. There are innumerable principal benefits to carrying out marketing and promotional practices on global products. Foremost, the most significant merit is attached to brand recognition. Marketing and promotion of a global product assists in imprinting the product’s brand in the minds of the potential customers (Zimmerman & Blythe, 2005). Accordingly, the customers tend to seek a pre-identified brand rather than the product brand seeking for its users. In addition, once a brand has expanded its ground and founded its customer base, promotion enables it to keep hold of the potential customers. Another merit linked to promotion is the identification of potential customers rather than forcing a product on unenthusiastic purchasers (Marquardt, 2012). Furthermore, direct marketing enables companies to target specific customers by personalizing the meaning of the advert to have the best possible effect. The downside is that such promotions can be expensive. Companies have to spend on adverts as well as employing sales and marketing professionals (Stonehouse & Purdie, 2004). If a firm fails to conduct a proper market research then it might end up making unnecessary advertisement and marketing expenses. Some companies waste efforts in targeting unwilling customers using unsuitable media. Small businesses owners must, therefore, weigh the merits of conducting such marketing practices against the respective costs incurred. As well as the financial expenses, promotion requires sacrifice of time. The sales experts are expected to research on the most proper marketing approaches design the adverts and deal with customer reactions to the products. An example of how to market global products and services is by use of funny video clips. YouTube and other social network videos could be used to

Unit 9&10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Unit 9 - Essay Example To examine the issue of morality in environmental situations, one faces the concept of rights and duties made famous by Immanuel Kant. According to Gilbert (2000), this approach is better explained, to wit: â€Å"the basic position here is that individuals have rights, either as humans, as citizens of a given country or state, or as occupants of a particular position. These right rights confer duties on others, and the morality of a given decision or act can be determined by an analysis of these rights and duties.† The rights of the concerned citizens of Florida remain the protection and preservation of Florida’s coastline to be regarded as a legacy to this nation’s children. It is a responsibility to preserve botanical and biological resources to assist in an immediate rehabilitation of Florida’s oceans and address the still impending threats. One relevant solution to this environmentally ethical dilemma is to call the attention of government officials to reduce government subsidy that encourage growth in high-risk coastal areas. There are numerous conservation, recreation and civic organizations that call on local government officials to unit with their efforts and be the representative to establish a unified and coordinated government leadership for ocean and coastal resource. An immediate action is the only recourse to save our oceans. It is time to update ocean and coastal policies to prevent continued deterioration and unconcerned destruction of an irreplaceable natural resource. An article published in the New York Times on March 17, 2010 reported state lawmakers’ closer monitoring of humans who were found to have previous records of abusing animals. The report indicated that there is â€Å"growing evidence that people who abuse animals often go on to attack humans, states are increasing the penalties for animal cruelty and developing better methods for tracking

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Final Paper - Essay Example There are statement releases by several autonomous scientific organizations concerning the same around the world. It is true that not every scientist agree in every component of the problem in climate change. It is why the article clearly states that not all engineers and scientists agree on the taking drastic measures against global warming. However, there is extensive agreement that climate change exists, primarily due to release of greenhouse gases from humans (NRC). Evidence of global warming is incontrovertible. It is why scientists are constantly researching various important questions concerning the matter. Questions such as precisely how much will the earth warm, how fast will it warm and the consequences it will cause to various regions. Scientists record an increase in global temperature by over 1.4Â °F throughout the previous century (NRC). According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 2000 to 2010 happened to be the warmest decade on record. This fact contradicts the mention of global warming not existing over ten years by the article. Changes in climate and weather are what follow the increasing global temperatures (NRC). So many facts and information show several places experiencing rainfall changes resulting in additional intense rain. There is also evidence of more intense and frequent heat waves. It is hard to deny that oceans are becoming acidic and warmer while ice caps at the North Pole are melting. All these observations prove that there is an increase of warmth in the world. We have scientists who continue to research the questions of global warming to inform society better on how to prepare for climate change. However, sufficient certainty is real concerning basic causes and impacts of climate change to validate taking actions that decrease future risks. Claiming that global warming is not a crucial matter to deal with because the evidence is smaller than predicted does not mean society should stop paying

Organizational Behavior Leadership Analysis Social Work Essay

Organizational Behavior Leadership Analysis Social Work Essay Academic theories about employee motivation, empowerment and performance are just that theories, they are of little practical use to business leader or their companies, with reference covered to the material cover on the OBL course, and the people management of one Employee of Choice, please evaluate the validity of this statement. Organizational Behavior is the study of behavior of individual, group and people in the organization. It focuses in the relationship between individual and organization in the holistic manner. It focuses on meeting the social objectives, organizational level objectives and individual level objectives. (Leadership and Organizational Behavior, 2010) In managing the organizational behavior with in the organization, there are various managerial theories being proposed by various people to meet the organizational and individual requirement. The role of business leader is to effectively manage the workforce with in the organization to achieve the maximum output from the employees. It is also required from the business leaders to increase the productivity of the organization, to reduce employee turnover, to increase job satisfaction, to reduce absenteeism among the employees, to establish organizational citizenship. The productivity of the employees could be increased by increasing the motivational level of the employees and by imparting training and development programs. An organization is said productive if it converts its inputs into outputs at lowest operating costs. Organizational behavior studies help managers to understand the general behavior of the individuals, but not the exact behavior of the individual. For example Douglas McGregors Theory X and Theory Y give an idea about type of people in the organization. According to Theory X, people would tend to avoid the work and are not responsible, on the other hand according to Theory Y, people are self directed and self motivated. Now this theory does not highlight the exact reasons for being lazy and self-motivated. In this way organizational studies only direct the managers about the general concepts, but could not point the exact behavior of the individual. It is so because the behavior of individual may vary from situation to situation and may also differ from person to person. (Douglas McGregor-Human Relations Contributors, Theory X and Theory Y) The turnover of the employee is another important managerial duty to be considered by leaders. The increase in turnover costs high for the organization by increasing the recruitment, interview, selection and training costs. It is one of the essential parameter to be considered by the managers for increasing the efficiency of the organization. There could be various reasons for increased in turnover. It could be because of work environment, job position mismatch, compensation and rewards, job stress etc. It is required from the leaders to find out the reason for the increase in turnover. As there could be various different reasons for the increase in turnover, the organizational theories could not find the exact reason for the increase in turnover. The method that could be used by manager to find exact reason for the increased turnover could be interviews or survey. With the help of organizational behavior theories leaders could find out the general behavior of the group of employees in the organization, but it is required to carry out individual analysis to find the exact reason for the absenteeism with in the organization. Increasing the Job satisfaction is another important managerial duty. It is essential for leaders to maintain the job satisfaction level of the employees with in the organization. This would not only decrease the turnover of the employees but also generate the healthy environment with in the organization. Organizational Behavior theories help the managers to understand the general behavior of the employee about job satisfaction, but it does not showcase how to increase job satisfaction for a particular employee. According to dispositional theory individual who is happy in his life is happy at his job as well. According to this theory there are the factors affecting job satisfaction i.e. positive and negative affectivity, personality attributes and self evaluation. This theory as well does not find the actual reason specific to a particular individual and hence managers would need to carry out the analysis specific to the individual. Another important function of the business leaders is to reduce absenteeism among the employees. The reduction in absenteeism is directly related to the job dissatisfaction and improper work environment. It is required for the leaders to understand the individual needs and expectations of the individuals from the organization and meet those expectations. It is also observed that unhealthy work environment creates problem for the employee and in turn reduced their efficiency and hence productivity of the organization. Here as well leaders have to sit individually with the employees and seek out the possible hindrances for the employees with respect to work environment. The reasons for the unhealthy work environment could be racial discrimination, manager-subordinates relationship, gender discrimination, work pressures etc. Organization Behavior theories works as the general framework for the leaders but could not act as the specific solution for a particular organizational problem. It require extensive analysis and thorough understanding of the organization and individual behavior to meet the objectives of the organization. Question 2: With reference to Organizational Behavior leadership on gender inequity in organization, and you own work experience if relevant, evaluate the extent to which this issue will require further attention from public and private sector organization in the UAE now and in the future. How can local organization ensure that there is true equity of opportunity for their women Emirati employees and what will be the likely commercial benefits of doing this? Answer: Gender Inequality means differentiation between individuals on the basis of their gender. As per gender inequality the responsibility, human and social possibilities differ from men to that of women. (Long, 2001) It is found that most of the theories showcase the organizational structure as the reason for gender inequality. It is as per organizational structure which causes differences in roles, difference in position, and difference in behaviors between men and women. Materialist theory: As per this theory the connection of men and women with the societys economic structure causes the gender inequality. As per this theory, womens role of mother and wife in the society devalued its right to access high valued resources. Women are less paid as compared to the men in the labor class market. The reason for this is the social responsibility attached to women to take care of family and children. Division between Domestic and Public Work: Their role of mother and wife devalued their role social roles and hence high profile. Women are bound with the domestic responsibilities and hence have to take care of the family and have to invest time there as well. On the other hand men are free from domestic responsibilities and have greater access to high valued resources. It is noticed that there is inequality in pay of men and women, and women are paid less than men. It is also found that two-third of the women works in areas low profile areas like catering, cleaning, clerical jobs, caring jobs. The reason for women being paid less than men is that their job includes discontinuity because of maternity leaves, and to take care of family and children. Moreover still the ratio of highly qualifies women is less than that of men. This gives men an edge to work in high profile jobs and so being paid more than women. Gender Inequality in UAE: The UAE government is trying their best to reduce the gender inequality in UAE. In the year 2008, UAE is participating actively in reducing the gap of gender disparity by organizing various conferences for the same. Dubai School of Government along with Centre of Arab Women for Training and Research and World Bank, organizes a conference to narrow down the gender gap in North Africa and Middle East. The conference named Gender and Economics in MENA: from Theory to Policymaking (ZPRESS, 2008). The main purpose of the conference was to highlight the importance of high education over women. In the conference, Nabeel Al Yousuf, vice chairman of trustee board in Dubai School of Government, focused on gender inequality for the social, national and economic development. Community Development Authority is coordinating with various government and non-government organizations to maintain gender equality. (ZPRESS, 2008) In the recent years UAE has worked well in reducing the gender gap in the emirates. As per a report, UAE has topped in human development chart among gulf countries. Though the ratio of educated women is increasing, but still UAE needs to improve on gender equality. This gender inequality further drags the human development index of the country. The gender equality could be improved with the help of combined effort from public and private companies. Protect Women Rights: It is essential to get women aware of their rights and also make them aware how to fight against the violation of any basic right. This education would help them to fight for their basic rights. It is required for both public and private organizations to coordinate with Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) to protect the rights of women. Women Education: To increase the status of women in the society it is required to further increase the level and quality of education for women. To achieve the same it is required for public and private educational institutions to work together to achieve the common objective. Healthy Work Environment: It is required for the private and public organizations to maintain healthy work environment for the women at workplace. It could be done by providing facilities for women like pick and drop from home, work from home etc. The local organization could ensure the equal opportunity for women by ensuring that jobs are offered as per the qualification and not on the basis of gender. The pay should be equal as per the caliber and qualification of the individual. It is required for the local organization to create equal opportunities for both men and women and should not create any disparity between the two. Gender equality would ensure equal status for the women in the society and would increase their standard of living. It would ensure right investment of the income and less wastage of money. It has been found that women invest 90% of her income on family whereas men only invest 35% of his income on family. This would change political and public welfare policies would increase focus on women as well. Increase in education level of women would reduce the health problems and diseases in the society.

Fossil Fuel versus Solar Power: Where the Line Meets the Circle Essay

Fossil Fuel versus Solar Power: Where the Line Meets the Circle There are a number of benefits to building a house that utilizes direct solar energy as compared to current conventional designs, which are largely powered and heated by energy from fossil fuels. According to a number of estimates, it is actually cheaper in the long term to incorporate solar energy into building design. Solar energy is far cleaner than fossil fuel derived energy, and therefore is far less impacting on the health of humans and the environment. There are a number of innovative technologies that have been developed for nearly every application of solar energy, thus making its use comparably convenient to fossil fuel use, but with greater assurance of long-term dependability. While it is currently still cheaper to build a home around the theme of fossil fuel power, the cheap supply of this finite resource is rapidly diminishing. The years that are left in which fossil fuels will be accessible to the general public are numbered for certain. One of the factors contributing to the widespread misconception that this is not so is the overestimation of fossil fuel reserves due to varying regulations regarding proved oil reserves among different countries (Campbell & Laherrere, 1998). Problems of this nature have occurred with the former Soviet Union (Campbell & Laherrere, 1998). Another factor is deliberate misrepresentation, which is highly probable in the case of OPEC estimates from 1998, in which three hundred billion barrels of oil were added to OPEC reserve estimates without any accompanying reserve discoveries (Campbell & Laherrere, 1998). While fossil fuels are a form of stored solar energy and thus finite, direct solar energy can be consid... ...th’s natural energy flows. This could be described as an interdependent system rather than a dependent system as is the case with fossil fuels. References Cited Campbell, C.J. & Laherrere, J.H. (1998). The End of Cheap Oil: global production of conventional oil will begin to decline sooner than most people think, probably within ten years. Scientific American. Gould, S.J. (2000). The Golden Rule: a proper scale for our environmental crisis. Chapter nine from The Earth Around Us: maintaining a livable planet. New York, Freeman. Web references: Glass on Web. (2003). http://www.glassonweb.com/articles/article/221/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2000). http://www.eere.energy.gov/erec/factsheets/solrwatr.html Solarenergy.com. (1997 - 2001). http://www.solarenergy.com/ Sun Ovens International, Inc. (2003). http://www.sunoven.com/usa.asp

Icarus In Catechism Class

The story revolves around the ancient story of Cirrus and Deals. In a outsell, Cirrus was the son of the artist Deals who created a labyrinth for the Minotaur, as commanded by King Minis. Cirrus and his father wanted to escape from Crete. They used Deals' invention-?a pair Of wings made Of feathers and wax. Deals warned his son not to go too near the ocean or the sun, because his wings would get wet and be too heavy, or the wax holding his wings would melt and be gone.Now to the poem proper, Olio gives us an image of Cirrus inside a church or a religion convention and he feels very much uninterested having every intention of getting out. In the first line † Or make us angels all, with dirty et,† already brings about a disconnection or a confusion because of the word â€Å"or† and â€Å"all†, who is Cirrus referring too? Followed up with † Without wings, chanting the beatitudes Without exultation nor thought, counting† shows us an irony of angels having no wings but with dirty feet possibly due to walking with bare feet.These lines shows us angels being humankind, removing their wings so they would walk live men turns them into something just like us. † counting the silver halos on the heads of saints/And ignoring the pastels on the stunning/ Stained glass windows. † further supports the act of humiliation. To ignore he pastels on the stained glass windows shows us that the stained glass isn't stunning no more. It is portrayed as something of the ordinary. Also, â€Å"counting the silver halos† further supports the fact the Cirrus mood is revolving around the concept of boredom.The next verse being â€Å"This morning Deals/My father' gives us an affirmation that Cirrus is indeed the persona. Moving on to â€Å"Spoke of escape from this dark labyrinth† gives me two (2) impressions here, the more religion version and the more scientific and historic version. One being that the dark labyrinth maybe re lated to the Church where Cirrus is trapped in for the time Ewing. Another reading is that knowing Cirrus is being consumed by boredom, his thoughts maybe already wondering off relating what he feels inside the Church to be what he really feels to be trapped inside the labyrinth.Connecting this with † This walled-in wilderness where the black/birds twitter/ Homilies from the pulpit. â€Å", following the first reading the â€Å"black birds† are the priest or preachers filling him with nonsense or following the second reading they could be somewhat the evil men keeping him inside that labyrinth. â€Å"O I wait the noon† – The noon could signify the crucifixion of Jesus Christ owing He died at pm then it would be around noon when he was placed on the cross. While following the second reading, noon is known to be the hottest part of the day when the sun is directly above us.The next line is a bit confusing â€Å"Soon the minutes will glibly run/lento the de cades full of women and sinners†, the trail of thought for the first reading became bigger. We were looking at it in the time line of Jesus' life but Olio gives us a grander picture to the time of genesis. Women being sinners correlates to the time Eve ate the apple. For the second reading, women throughout history have gained this ad notion of being seductresses. Moving on to † O hour of my death, O let the noon bell ring† could be connected to the later part of the prayer Hail Mary – Pray for us sinner now and at the hour of our death.Cirrus at this point maybe prayer already. On the other hand, noon as mention is the hottest part of the day, could refer to the point of Cirrus' life when he is about to part ways from the human world. Lastly, the part â€Å"l want to go home I want to put On my wings. † for the first reading could be that he has awakened from his trail of thoughts and simply just wants to escape from the religious invention and put o n his wings to escape from this insane world or it could also mean Cirrus' death in his life, home for he isn't in the human world no more.Cirrus viewed religion to be something that captivated him. Something that sets the norms, rules, regulations that each person has to obey. It would limit his freedom. He would rather also experience life at first hand by stepping outside rather than sitting inside a religious convention listening to what and what not to do. It was a battle between his reality and illusions. Reality being him actually inside a church and illusion being the bigger picture of him being rapped inside the labyrinth, a nasty world.In the end, it was his illusion that won based on the last line â€Å"l want to go home I want to put on my wings† that revolved on the notion that he was away of it being an illusion and he tries to turn it into his reality by putting on the wings and flying off. The two poems â€Å"Cirrus in Catechism Class† and â€Å"Cirrus and Deals† both us the same technique and basis yet have different intentions. They both use the historical story of Cirrus and Deals reflecting the journey they went through. Showing the creation of the wings, being trapped inside the labyrinth and flying too.

What We Know Be True About humans. essays

What We Know Be True About humans. essays What is a human or a characteristic that makes a human? Human, Humane may refer to which is, or should be, characteristic of human beings. In thus, describing characteristics, human may refer to good and bad traits of a person alike. When emphasis is placed upon the latter, human is thought of as contrasted to divine. Humane takes into account only the nobler or gentler aspects of people and is often contrasted to their more ignoble or brutish aspect. A humane person is benevolent in treating fellow humans or helpless animals. Ever since evolution, humans have made a lot of progress in becoming what we are today. Even though we have, in fact, come a long way, we have so much further to go to reach perfection. Personally, I dont think that humans will ever reach perfection. Our weaknesses have not been overcome for thousands of years, nor will they ever. No matter how far we come technologically, medically, or intellectually, our human nature is simply full of weaknesses. Our emotions as human beings prevent us to grasp the social skills that are required for social perfection. For example, jealousy, anger, and sadness all come in the way of our social skills. Even though most of us have been taught social skills at a young age, we still do not possess the skills of self control. Every person is different. How can someone judge what good manners are? If one person is taught one thing and another is taught the opposite, who is right? The answer is not easily understood. For each person, the answer lies within. Human beings have never been able to get along together. Even though we are all the same deep down, different groups of people do not accept other groups of people. This is very juvenile and closed-minded. All we have to do is think and analyze different situations to view things in a rational and legitimate way. A problem we face today is the growing population all over the world. ...

All About Plastics

All About Plastics Every day, people use plastics in various applications. Over the last 50 to 60 years, the uses for plastic have expanded to infiltrate virtually every aspect of life. Because of how versatile the material is, and how affordable it can be, it has taken the place of other products including wood and metals. The properties of the various types of plastics make it beneficial for manufacturers to use. Consumers like it because it is easy to use, lightweight and easy to maintains. Types of Plastics Overall, there are about 45 unique types of plastics and each type has dozens of different variations. Manufacturers can change the physical structure just slightly to benefit the application for which they are using it. When manufacturers change or modify things like the molecular weight distribution, the density or the melt indices, they alter the effectiveness and create plastics with many specific properties - and therefore many different uses. Two Plastic Categories There are two main types of plastics, thermoset plastics and thermoplastics. Breaking these down further, you can see the everyday uses of each type. With thermoset plastics, the plastic will hold its shape long term once it has cooled to room temperature and hardened thoroughly. This type of plastic cannot return to its original form - it cannot be melted down into its original form. Epoxy resins and polyurethanes are some examples of this type of thermosetting plastic. It is commonly used in tires, auto parts, and composites. The second category is thermoplastics. Here, you have more flexibility and versatility. Because it will return to its original form when heated, these plastics are commonly used in various applications. They can be made into films, fibers, and other forms. Specific Types of Plastics Below are some of the specific types of plastics and how they are in use today. Consider their chemical properties and benefits, too: PET or Polyethylene terephthalate - This plastic is ideal for food storage and water bottles. It is commonly used for things like storage bags, too. It does not leach into the food, but is sturdy and can be drawn into fibers or films. PVC or Polyvinyl Chloride - It is brittle but stabilizers are added to it. This makes it a softer plastic thats easy to mold into various shapes. It is commonly used in plumbing applications because of its durability. Polystyrene - Commonly known as Styrofoam, it is one of the less ideal options today for environmental reasons. However, it is very lightweight, easy to mold and it works as an insulator. That is why it is heavily used in furniture, cabinetry, glasses and other impact-resistant surfaces. It is also commonly added with a blowing agent to create foam insulation. Polyvinylidine Chloride (PVC) - Commonly known as Saran, this plastic is used in wraps to cover food. It is impermeable to odors from food and can be drawn into various films. Polytetrafluoroethylene - A growing popular choice is this plastic also known as Teflon. First manufactured by DuPont in 1938, it is a heat-resistant form of plastic. It is very stable and strong and is unlikely to be damaged by chemicals. Moreover, it creates a surface that is almost frictionless. This is why it is used in various cookware (nothing sticks to it) and in tubing,  plumbing tapes and in waterproof coating products. Polypropylene - Commonly called just PP, this plastic has various forms. However, it has uses in many applications including tubes, car trims, and bags. Polyethylene - Also known as HDPE or LDPE, it is one of the most common forms of plastics. New formations of it make it possible for this plastic to be flat. Its initial uses were for electrical wires but it is now found in many disposable products, including gloves and garbage bags. It is also used in other film applications such as wraps, as well as in bottles. The use of plastics every day is more commonplace than many might think. By making small changes to these chemicals, new and versatile solutions are obtained.

Melton A. McLaurin's book Celia, A Slave Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Melton A. McLaurin's book Celia, A Slave - Essay Example â€Å"Quit the old man† (McLaurin 30) her boyfriend encourages Celia, but she is in a dilemma because she knows either way she will still lose him and endanger her life. 3. What did Celia have in common with Robert Newsom’s daughters Virginia Waynescot and Mary Newsom? During the period of slavery, all women were the weaker sex and were made to subdue to men’s ways. In this regard, Robert Newsom’s daughters, Virginia Waynescot and Mary Newsom were not equal to their father in terms of advocating for issues. Similar to Celia they also depended on their father on food, shelter and they little rights he would accord to them. Due to this experience Celia and the master’s daughters seem to share a bond of oppression. A relationship based on moral comfort and mutual understanding in isolation. Celia pleaded with them to talk with their father on her behalf and they seem to agree but, it is not known whether they did so, but the sexual demand continued. 4. Why did Celia go on trial? It would not have been surprising if Celia had been declared guilty by a judge and executed without a trial. Celia had to be taken to trial just as a formality so that she could get a hearing just like everyone else. This had been due to the political struggle that was apparent in the neighboring state of Kansas (McLaurin 46). There was a voting process that was taking place on whether to include the state into the union as a free nation or a pro slave state. This process also included the slavery supporters and freedom supporters in a bid to try and sway the votes on their side and as such, divided the country. This sort of division threatened in Missouri if care was not taken in punishing slave wrong doers and as such Celia was taken to trial. 5. How could Celia be â€Å"morally innocent of murder†? In trying to give Celia a fair trial, the judge presiding over her case appointed three supremely competent attorneys to her defense which were chose n on the basis that they were neutral on the issues on slavery. The attorneys in their defense tried to prove that Celia was not guilty of the murder. To their defense, they brought up the issue of sexual abuse between Cecile and her then master. This was to indicate that she committed the act of murder in order wade off the master’s sexual advancements that left her in a lot of pain both physically and mentally. This is also true due to the fact that as a slave, she had been raped for years, and this justified her intent to hurt the master to protect herself (McLaurin 43). Unfortunately in trying to hurt him, she killed him; it was all in self defense. 2. Could a slave master trespass on his own property? How an innocent verdict would have struck a â€Å"devastating blow to the authority of Slave-owners† and set a controversial legal precedent Celia’s trial of guilt or innocence in the case against the state for the murder of her master was of keen interest to the majority of the society. The slave owners were particularly concerned with this due to the fact that it would spell out their rights. Most of people were aware of the existence of sexual offenses towards slaves, but no one talked about it probably because they viewed it as the right of the owner on his/her property (McLaurin 67). This meant that they owned the

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) Essay

Multi-culturalism and the new regionalism in Southeast Asia (or ASEAN) - Essay Example Economic integration can be replicated in the political field but true growth of regionalism will come about through a coagulation of regional identities. Multiculturalism can contribute to creation of common identities and can thus provide a strong bond for the sustained growth of regionalism. The impact of multiculturalism in fostering regionalism and growth of ASEAN will thus form the central theme of this research. A realist approach with thorough analysis of data and study of primary as well as secondary sources will be adopted to arrive at specific answers to the key research questions. The rigorous approach thus adopted is expected to bring about a greater understanding of the phenomenon of multiculturalism in the specific context of South East Asian regionalism. The modern world is increasingly regionalized and globalized. This is posing greater challenges for individuals and nation states. Some of these are resulting in a clash of identities between individuals and states. Multiculturalism attempts to reduce these fault lines by bringing people closer together to melt different cultures and identities. Regionalism provides a geographical and political dimension to multiculturalism. However regionalism does not naturally imply assimilation of cultures. Multiculturalism needs stronger roots and deeper commitments than regionalism. Association of South East Asian Nations or ASEAN has emerged as an enduring regional phenomenon. It is a political and economic confederation based on the needs to protect and project economic and political power of the resurgent economies of South East Asia, such as Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia. Multiculturalism can also form a strong glue to bind together the people of ASEAN. Though it will be a long a slow p rocess, a multicultural ASEAN society would be far more homogeneous than it is today, thereby enabling peace and prosperity in the region more consistently.

Myocardial Infarction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Myocardial Infarction - Essay Example Thus, scientists do their best to make it possible to reveal the danger of myocardial infarction in patients timely in order to save their lives. This paper will seek to discuss the topic of myocardial infarction in detail, including prevention/ treatment options and recommendations for future research. Myocardial infarction can be defined as â€Å"the irreversible damage of myocardial tissue caused by prolonged ischemia and hypoxia. In simpler terms, myocardial infarction is caused by the death of one of the heart muscles which, in its turn, leads to irreversible changes in the heart function and, in many cases, to death† (Sharis & Cannon 2003). Professionals in cardiac studies usually link myocardial infarction etiology to complete focal blockage of one of the coronary arteries or their branches. The latter reflects in and leads to impaired contractility of one of the heart muscles but does not extend beyond the affected heart segment (Sharis & Cannon 2003). The myocardial ischemia begins in the inner lining of the heart, called endocardium and then spreads to the outer heart lining (epicardium); the risks of irreversible heart damage significantly increase if the complete blockage lasts 15-20 minutes (Sharis & Cannon 2003). Irreversible damage covers the affected segment and occurs within the first 2 or 3 hours following the infarction (Sharis & Cannon 2003). Restoration of the blood flow and heart activity is associated with the salvation of the heart muscle, and the earlier the salvation occurs the better the heart and blood flow will be. The size of the affected area is the determining factor of death of infarction, and increased oxygen supply to the site of blockage is believed to be a more effective instrument of salvaging the heart muscle, compared to reducing oxygen demand (Sharis & Cannon 2003). A whole set of modifiable risk factors contributes to the development of myocardial infarction risks in different population groups – smoking, diabetes,

The Effect of “Publish or Perish” Motto on Academics Essay Example for Free

The Effect of â€Å"Publish or Perish† Motto on Academics Essay Retailing, warehousing and producing knowledge are the core missions of the academic scholars in the universities. Universities warehouse† knowledge through libraries; they disseminate or retail knowledge via their teaching function; and they produce or â€Å"manufacture† knowledge through research (Hunt, 2000). In order to accomplish these missions, namely to enhance the production and dissemination quantum of the knowledge, governmental institutions and university administrations use incentive and reward systems (Bloom et al. , 1988). These systems present in most universities acknowledge publications and citations as the evidence of scholarly achievement and necessity for promotion, grant, and tenure (Darko, 2003). However, incentive and reward systems in academia were considered to lead a publish or perish syndrome by keeping the academic staff under pressure (Bloom et al. , 1988). On the one hand, these systems lead to a an increase in the quantity of books and papers (Bloom et al. , 1988); on the other hand, the quality of the generated knowledge may decrease since the academics aim to reach maximum number of publications (Nyilasy et al., 2007). As it is seen, these systems have both advantageous and disadvantageous. In this context, the objective of this paper is to analyze whether the incentive and reward systems have institutionalized a restrictive approach to knowledge development or they enhance and encourage the producing of the knowledge. On the other hand, it will be tried to compare the Turkey’s current academic environment with the other countries in the context of ethical academic behaviours. THE OBJECTIVE OF ACADEMICS  Marketing as a university discipline has several responsibilities such as; to society, for providing objective knowledge and technically competent, socially responsible, liberally educated graduates; To students, for providing an education that will enable them to get on the â€Å"socioeconomic ladder† and prepare them for their roles as competent, responsible marketers and citizens; to marketing practice, for providing a continuing supply of competent, responsible entrants to the marketing profession and for providing new knowledge about both the micro and macro dimensions of marketing; and to the academy, for upholding its mission of retailing,  warehousing and producing knowledge, its contract with society of objective knowledge for academic freedom, and its core values of reason, evidence, openness and civility (Hunt, 2002, p. 306). In parallel with this view, Irele (1993, p. 74) claimed that â€Å"A university has three functions to perform which are to conserve knowledge; to advance knowledge; and to disseminate knowledge. It falls short of the full realization of its aim unless, having provided for the conservation and advancement of knowledge, it makes provision for its dissemination as well†. It can be revealed from these statements that, production and dissemination of the knowledge are two of the core missions of universities. Knowledge produced by academic researchers tends to be distributed to the discipline through research books, journals, academic conferences, training and development courses ((Bloom et al. , 1988; McKenzie et al. , 2002; Nyilasy et al. , 2007). However, according to the American Marketing Association (as of now AMA) Task Force on the development of marketing, academic researchers do not produce and disseminate enough publications (Bloom et al., 1988). Furthermore, there is a dissemination problem that academicians are not successful in disseminating the knowledge they generate (Nyilasy et al. , 2007). In order to overcome these problems and increase the production and dissemination of knowledge, and also to become more competitive, university management boards apply incentive and reward systems (Bloom et al. , 1988). INCENTIVE AND REWARDS SYSTEMS At first sight, the incentive and reward systems may be seen well functioning that it leads to increase on knowledge generation and motivate the researchers. However there are several disadvantages and side effects of these systems and in the literature the outcomes of these systems have been criticized by several authors under the â€Å"publish or perish† mantra (List at al. , 2007;Bloom et al. , 1988; Nyilasy et al. , 2007; Brennan Ankers, 2004; Darko, 2003; Remus, 1977; Gad-el-hak, 2004). One of the best explanation of publish or perish doctrine made by P. Van Den Berghe (1970, p. 87) as â€Å"Publishing has become a compulsion. The average academic author does not write because he has something to say, because he hopes to contribute to knowledge, or because he has fun doing it; rather, he writes and publishes in order to improve his vita. This document is frequently the only thing about him which his colleagues will ever read; it is the passport to academic success; and, beyond the routine acquisition of a Ph. D. , published titles are the main ornament of a vita. On the other hand, there are some alternative views such as Blunt (1973) claimed that equating not publishing with perishing is an over dramatization of the present condition. In fact, in this context incentive and rewards refers to â€Å"tenure† and â€Å"promotion†. Namely, in order to get a tenure or promotion to the more senior academic positions it is essential to publish books, academic paper and be cited (Blunt, 1973). In addition, Remus (1977) claimed that publication is one of the most essential criterion for gaining tenure and promotion in a highly competitive academic environment which Remus defined this environment as a treacherous dog-eat-dog world metaphorically. Since AMA (1988) claimed that publications in the marketing field is not enough and there need to overcome the impediments in order to increase the quantity of the publications. The AMA assessed several suggestions to motivate the researchers; the researchers must be provided large scale funding source and faculty release time for their research; the average revision time of the journals must be decreased as much as possible, thus further expenditures of time and effort of both reviewers and authors will be prevented; special workshops and consortia must be supported related to the need of the researchers. To sum up, this system is very effective and advantageous in order to motivate the researchers and achieve a maximum number of publications. However, there are also some disadvantageous and side effects of this system. In the next section the negative effects of this system will be criticized. SIDE EFFECTS OF INCENTIVE AND REWARD SYSTEMS As discussed in the preceding sections, the system puts the researcher under the pressure of publishing more and more books, journals and conference papers. The strong and undesirable incentives motivate especially the young academics through knowledge development (Blunt, 1973). However, it is extremely short-term in orientation and the system discourages risk-taking in the development of new ideas, discourages investment in long-term projects on significant issues, and instead encourages minor improvements in establishing ideas (Bloom et al. , 1988). On the other hand, the young academicians have started to publish books without getting enough wisdom in a particular field (Gad-el-hak, 2004). When the researcher’s age and experience increase, they provide fewer contributions to the journals. The AMA stated the possible reason for this situation as following; (1) A sense that the rewards for research and publication have been less than expected or are simply insufficient to justify additional effort. (2) A cumulative frustration with the competitive review processes of the major journals of the field. (3) An increased need or desire for outside income during the middle years of ones career. (4) An increased capability to undertake activities that hold higher personal value (e. g. , teaching, consulting, administrative positions) than does research and writing(Bloom et al. , 1988, p. 4). Another important issue affected by the system is the quality concern. Publish or perish philosophy makes the researchers give more importance to the quantity of the publications rather than quality (Lofthouse, 1974). In order to get a tenure or promotion, most researchers focus on publishing as much as they can, even sometimes they use â€Å"cut-and-paste† to reach their goals. Furthermore, to fulfil the increasing demand for publishing papers, everyday more and more journals enter the academic market. Thus, there have been the journals stratified into several quality categories which fits different quality papers (Gad-el-hak, 2004). However, since journals are peer reviewed they can preserve their quality in balance (Bloom et al. , 1988). The quality concern is emerged in book publishing as well and probably more noteworthy that there is no need to be reviewed which makes it easier to publish a book than a journal article accepted (Gad-el-hak, 2004). Gad-el-Hak (2004) provided some extreme examples related to the quantity of publications. The first one is a dean of major school of engineering listed 52 papers that he wrote just in a year which equals to publishing a paper every week. In the second example, a professor was introduces at a meeting as the author of 80 books in his 20 year career which is equal to a book every three months. Citation documents the ? ow of information and the links within and among disciplines or other units of analysis (Goldman Grinstein, 2010). The number of citations is a dominant criterion for promotion, salary increases and funding. It also will determine to what extent the individual researcher is seen as a thought leader. On the other hand, it is an indicator of quality, innovativeness and contribution of the publication to the science. Therefore, the researchers try to maximize the number of times they are cited (Verniers, 2010). However, except the articles published in top journals which represent the core of a discipline, most articles receive few or no citation (Van Dalen Klamer, 2005). Also some researchers use make citation unethically. For example, authors generally do not actually consult some of the references they cite, some authors add references at the completion of a research because they support the researcher’s arguments or findings authors often reference well known authors in order to add credibility and prestige, and that misquotations of what is actually written in the references are prevalent (Goldman Grinstein, 2010, p.1389) As Hunt (2000) claimed another mission of academics is the retailing the knowledge in terms of teaching. However, since the â€Å"publish or perish† motto force the academics to focus on publications, especially the young academicians give less emphasis to the teaching function (Blunt, 1973). On the other hand, this motto also affects the relationship level between the practitioners and academicians. Brennan and Ankers (2004, p.  511) claimed that â€Å"It seems clear that although academics would like to get closer to practitioners, they are inhibited by institutional factors, such as academic reward systems and the â€Å"publish or perish† culture†. Since the Publish or perish culture suppresses the academics, they are tempted to perform unethical behaviours such as copying research, faking data and statistics, intentionally leaving out erroneous findings (Van Dalen Klamer, 2005). (List et al., 2007) made a research on this topic and proved that some researchers have falsified the research data; also they became co-authors of the papers without contributing. In addition, Remus (1977) very clearly identified the publication tricks as following; Joint Author Trick, colleagues write papers independently, and they add his / her colleagues name to the paper. Thus, in average both get more point. Experimental Trip trick, in some cases the academics force the students to participate in experiments. Thus, they can set up experiments in a very short time and free of charge. Graduate Student Gap, Graduate students perform great effort to show him qualified, so the academics may use them for library research, analyze and write up the data, or to find new creative research topics. Senior Author Trick, sometimes the junior academics use the name of senior, well-known authors in their studies without their contribution to publish their articles in top journals and books in quality publishers. Kitchen Sink Trick, since the data gathering phase is time consuming, they may use the same data more than once for different articles. In order to overcome the side effects of the publish or perish concept, Gad-el-Hak (2004) offered some suggestions such as; resumes submitted to promotion and tenure committees should be limited to listing only 5–10 the most significant publications; co-authors should contribute meaningfully to a publication and no name should be added merely because he or she is a member of a research group, or worse, the head of the group; journals should publish their impact factor and it should be an important consideration when libraries decide which journals to drop; Completed book manuscripts should go through peer review before publication. PUBLISH OR PERISH SYSTEM IN TURKEY In this section, as an academic member in a university, I will express my observations about the functioning of publish or perish system by comparing with the outside of Turkey. There is an incentive and rewards system in Turkey as well. For example, In order to apply for an Associate Professor position, academicians have to get at least 6 points by publishing books, articles, conference papers and being cited (UAK, 2012). In addition, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) makes payment for the articles published in top journals in order to motivate academics. However the side effects in terms unethical academic consequences of the system is very similar to the other countries. Probably, one of the most important factors is they are assigned many courses to teach and also they are charged with administrative work load. The most common unethical behaviours in Turkey are plagiarism refers to stealing from other authors’ publications without citation and permission, duplication which is publishing the same or similar papers in different journals or conferences, Fabrication which is making up unreal results and publish, and Salamization  refers to slicing up one research in more or less identical papers (Ruacan, 2008). As indicated in the AMA task force report (1988), most of the senior academicians slow up researching and publishing, instead they mostly focus on consulting to the private sector companies, administrative functions, organizing conferences in their most productive period in Turkey as well. On the other hand in order to increase the quantity of their publications some academics search for the journals, mostly in third world countries such as African journals, that they can easily publish their unqualified articles. Furthermore, some of the academics make a deal with publishing companies to publish their book. Actually, the aim is not selling the book and making profit. In most cases the only reason is just getting point to get a promotion or tenure. In addition, authors in Turkey use joint author trick which was stated by Remus (1977) to gain more point. For instance, there are three colleagues and each of them prepared a paper. If they publish them as single authored in an international journal, each will get 3 points independently. However, if they write the other two colleagues’ names as co-authors each will get 5. 4 point which is approximately twice of the former choice (UAK, 2012). CONCLUSION To sum up, producing and disseminating of the knowledge is one of the most crucial missions for the universities. To accomplish this duty, the administrative directors of the universities and Institutes of Higher Education use some incentive and reward systems. However, in some cases these strategies put the academic staff under the pressure which is called as the â€Å"Publish or Perish† motto. Thus, in order to survive in the academic world, the members sometimes look for some unethical ways such as plagiarism, salamization, duplication, fabrication, joint author, publishing unqualified books, and so on. While the quantity of the publications increases, their quality may decrease. In my opinion, being academic members must be encouraged by increasing the salary of the member, providing extra opportunities, to increase the attraction of being a faculty member. Thus, the more qualified people will demand to be an academician and the cumulative quality of the universities and academics will increase and probably there will be a decrease in the rate of unethical academic behaviour. On the other hand, some reformations must be made to prevent the unstandardized proceedings, patronages, and unfairness: In this way, the motivation and quality of the junior academic personnel will increase and they would be more productive. REFERENCES Berghe, P. (1970). Academic Gamesmanship, London: Abelard-Schuman Bloom, P. , Hirschman, E. , Mcaleer, L. , Group, T. M., Weitz, B. , Wilkie, W. , Dame, N. , et al. (1988). Developing , Disseminating , and Utilizing Marketing Knowledge, Journal of Marketing Vol. 52(October), pp. 1–25. Brennan, R. , and P. Ankers, (2004). In Search of Relevance: Is There an Academic-Practitioner Divide in Business-to-Business Marketing? Marketing Intelligence and Planning, Vol: 22(5), pp. 511–519. Darko, C. O. (2003). Scholarly Publ? sh? ng In Africa: A Case Study Of The Pol? cies And Practices Of African Un? versity Presses, Inpublished PhD Dissertation, Graduate School of the University of Stirling Gad-el-Hak, M. (2004). Publish or Perish An Ailing Enterprise ,Phisics Today,pp. 61-62 Goldman, A. , Grinstein, A. (2010). Stages in the Development of Market Orientation Publication Activity: A Longitudinal Assessment. European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 44 (9/10), pp. 1384–1409. Hunt, S. D. (2000). Marketing is , Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Vol: 20,(4), pp. 301-311. Hunt, S. D. (2002). Marketing as a Profession: On Closing Stakeholder Gaps. European Journal of Marketing, Vol: 36(3),pp. 305–312. Irele, A. (1993), The challenge of university Publishing in Africa, with special reference to Nigeria. In Altbach PG (ed) readings on Publishing in Africa and the Third World. Buffalo: Bellagio. List, J. , Bailey, C. , Euzent, P. , Martin, T. (2007). Academic economists behaving badly? A survey on three areas of unethical behavior. Economic Inquiry, 39(1), 162–170. doi:10. 1111/j. 1465-7295. 2001. tb00058. x Lofthouse, S. (1974). Thoughts on â€Å" Publish Or Perish†, Higher Education Vol: 3 pp. 59 80. McKenzie, C. J. , Wright, S. , Ball, D. F. Baron, P. J. (2002) The publications of marketing faculty – who are we really talking to? European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 36 (November), pp. 1196–1208. Nyilasy, G. , Reid, L. , Rodgers, S. , Wang, Y. , Rettie, R. , Alpert, F. , Matthes, J. , et al. (2007). The academician–practitioner gap in advertising, International Journal of Advertising, Vol: 26(4) pp. 425-447. Peter Blunt,(1976), Publish or perish or neither: What is happening in academia, Vestes, vol. 19 (1), pp. 62-64. Remus, Wi?. (1977). Strategies for a Publish or Perish World or Why Journals Are Unreadable, Interfaces, Vol. 8 (1), pp. 64-69. Ruacan, S. (2008). Bilimsel Arast? rma ve Yay? nlarda Etik Ilkeler. Hacettepe Universitesi. Onkoloji Enstitusu. http://www. ulakbim. gov. tr/dokumanlar/sempozyum1/sruacan 2. pdf. (accesed 12. 12. 2012). UAK (2012), Criteria for Associate Professor Application, http://www. uak. gov. tr/temelalan /tablo11. pdf (Accessed 12. 12. 2012). Van Dalen, Hendrik P. and Arjo Klamer (2005), â€Å"Is There Such a Thing Called Scientific Waste? † Tinbergen discussion paper, Erasmus University Rotterdam. Verniers, I (2010), Essays on Marketing and Scientific Innovations, Unpublished PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University.